annotated bibliography

Longman, Jere. "Doping Experts Say Baseball Faces Tough Job." New York Times 9 Dec. 2004: D1+D6.

Longman discusses the recent upgrades that Baseball has to go through because of the supposed loophole in drug testing. According to anti-doping experts, people cannot use steroids, but can still boost the testosterone to up to five times the normal amount without being caught for drugs, a huge potential problem in major league baseball. There is more to drug abuse than just steroids. With the new testing, players will not be allowed to boost the testosterone levels.

Liquori, Donna. "At a Shrine to Baseball, Steroid Inquiry Inspires Shame." New York Times 5 Dec.2004: N46.

Liquori talks about the effect that baseball will have on players like Barry Bonds and Jason Giambi. Given are opinions by strong followers of the game. They mention how they should not be taking steroids. They talk about how the steroids label will always be used on these two people. However, people also say that Bonds should still be allowed in the hall of fame because people cheated all the time. To prevent people from cheating is impossible.

"World Series TV Ratings." Baseball Almanac. 2007. 24 Oct. 2007
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Given here are TV ratings from all the World Series. These will be used to prove my argument on how the recent drug surge in baseball has increased fan participation.

Sandomir, Richard. " BASEBALL; Also King of Ratings and the T-Shirts." New York Times. 10 Sept. 1998. 24 Oct. 2007 Television>.

Sandomir talks about baseball ratings for the game where Mark McGwire broke the home run record. He includes how there was a 12.9 rating peaking at 15.5, despite being blacked out in Chicago, which is a big baseball city. He talks about how over 40 million people were watching the game.

"Barry Bonds Hits Another One - Adds To Record." Baseball Talk Pro. 9 Aug. 2007. 24 Oct. 2007
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This is a blog which discusses the ratings of many record setting homeruns.It also discusses Barry Bonds’ 756th homerun, which set the record for the most homeruns in MLB history. It talks about Hank Aarons record setting homerun, which attracted 12 million viewers.

"Curb Your Enthusiasm." Baseball Talk Pro. 9 Aug. 2007. 24 Oct. 2007
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This article talks about Barry Bonds and his record setting 756th homerun. It breaks through the ambivalence in the situation because there is a large controversy in whether Barry Bonds has taken performance enhancing drugs, which have helped increase his rate of homeruns hit as his age increases.

"Studying the Physics of Baseball." Medical News Today. 21 Sep. 2007. 24 Oct. 2007
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This article talks about the effects steroids produce. It also discusses the homerun surge in the mid 1990s. Steroids increase the rate at which people produce muscle mass. To the batters, this increases bat speed and ball speed, which in turn allows for balls to travel farther thus creating more homeruns. For pitchers, a ten percent increase in muscle mass can increase a pitchers pitching speed by five percent.

Winkle, Benjamin G, and Kenneth J Winkle. "Baseball's Great Hitting Barrage of the 1990s." A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 10.2: 1-17.

This journal entry discusses the homerun surge of the 1990s. In 1999, the average runs per game increased to 10.7, which is a 2.7 run increase from the previous year. Corresponding to the surge of runs, pitchers earned run averages increased to new heights. Homeruns during Babe Ruth’s era occurred once every ninety-one at-bats. Now it is around one in every thirty at bats. In a span of six years, the homerun record held for 37 years of 61 homeruns in one year was broken six times.